
Kojiki and Nihon Shoki
Japan’s oldest historical chronicles.
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which pass down Japanese mythology and ancient history, are Japan’s oldest historical chronicles.
Because they describe how Japan came to be, they’re sometimes seen as playing a role similar to a “Japanese Bible.”
In this article, we’ll cover the overview of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, how they differ, and some of the Kojiki’s most famous episodes, with easy-to-follow summaries.
By exploring and understanding the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, your visits to shrines and historic sites across Japan will be even more rewarding.
Highlights
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The Kojiki is Japan’s oldest historical chronicle, preserving Japanese mythology and ancient history.
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The Nihon Shoki is Japan’s oldest official national history (a formal record compiled by the state).
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Because they share many similarities, the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki are often referred to together as the “Kiki.”
What Is the Kojiki Like?
The Kojiki is Japan’s oldest historical chronicle, preserving Japanese mythology and ancient history.
Compilation began under an imperial order by Emperor Tenmu, led mainly by O no Yasumaro, with the aim of systematically organizing Japan’s history for future generations.
The project was paused after Emperor Tenmu’s death, but during the Nara period (710–794), Emperor Genmei ordered it resumed, and O no Yasumaro and Hieda no Are completed it.
It was presented to Emperor Genmei in 712, which is considered the year the Kojiki was established.
The Kojiki consists of three volumes. Volume 1 covers the Age of the Gods (before emperors took the throne), while Volumes 2 and 3 record history from the first emperor, Emperor Jimmu, through the 33rd, Empress Suiko.
It has had a major influence on Japanese culture and thought, yet parts remain unresolved, adding to its mystery.

What’s in the Kojiki? Key Stories and Summaries
Here’s an introduction to the Kojiki through some of its most famous episodes, along with brief summaries.
Because the full work is vast, these stories are kept compact and easy to follow, so if something interests you, it’s worth looking it up in more depth.
Many of the gods mentioned below are commonly enshrined at shrines, so remembering their names alongside the stories can be useful when sightseeing.
Also, the Kojiki has multiple theories and interpretations, so this article explains one commonly cited view.
From the Creation of Heaven and Earth to the Birth of Japan
In the beginning, everything was chaos stretching endlessly, and no gods existed.
After a long time, heaven and earth separated, and in the sky appeared Amenominakanushi, along with two other deities.
Amenominakanushi, the first deity to appear in the Kojiki, is said to be the source of the universe. Because of its sacredness, it hid itself soon after appearing and was never seen again.
Along with two more deities, these five are called Kotoamatsukami, special gods who appeared at the time of creation.
Later, the world was divided into the heavenly realm Takama-ga-hara, the earthly realm Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, and the underworld Yomi-no-Kuni.
Even on “earth,” the ground was soft and unstable, with plant-like things floating on the water’s surface, and as it developed, many gods were born.
Finally, the gods Izanaki and Izanami were born. The Kotoamatsukami ordered them to create the land of Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni, and the pair, now husband and wife, used a spear from the Floating Bridge of Heaven to form islands.
This is said to be the beginning of Japan: Awaji Island, Shikoku, and many other islands were created, with Honshu forming last.

The Birth of Amaterasu, Tsukuyomi, and Susanoo
After creating the land, Izanaki and Izanami gave birth to many gods, including those of soil and water.
But when Izanami gave birth to the last one, the fire god, she was badly burned and died.
Grief-stricken, Izanaki went to Yomi-no-Kuni, but when he saw Izanami’s changed form, he fled in fear, shaking off those who pursued him.
After escaping the underworld, Izanaki began a purification ritual at a riverbank. Then, strangely, gods began appearing one after another.
When he washed his left eye, Amaterasu Omikami was born. From his right eye came Tsukuyomi no Mikoto, and from his nose came Susanoo no Mikoto.
Because these three were especially sacred, they are called the Three Precious Children (Sankishi).
Delighted, Izanaki told Amaterasu to rule Takama-ga-hara, Tsukuyomi to rule the night world, and Susanoo to rule the seas.

The Transfer of the Land of Izumo
After facing many hardships, Okuninushi no Mikoto traveled to Ne-no-Katasu-kuni, where he met Susanoo’s daughter, Suseribime, and the two grew fond of each other.
Susanoo set an overwhelming number of trials, but Okuninushi overcame them and, seizing an opportunity, tried to flee with Suseribime.
When they finally escaped, Susanoo saw them off with words of encouragement, telling him to cherish his daughter and rule Izumo.
Okuninushi went on to govern Izumo, but Amaterasu was dissatisfied and sent envoys to the earth to bring it under control.
However, the envoys sent on two occasions were won over by Okuninushi, and the plan became increasingly difficult, so Amaterasu decided to send the warrior god Takemikazuchi.
Takemikazuchi defeated Okuninushi’s two sons by force and secured Okuninushi’s agreement to hand over the land.
In exchange, Okuninushi demanded the construction of a grand shrine in Izumo, in line with Susanoo’s wishes.
This is said to be how today’s Izumo Taisha came to be built.

The Descent of the Heavenly Grandchild
After receiving the earthly realm (Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni) from Okuninushi, Amaterasu told her son, Ame-no-Oshihomimi no Mikoto, to take control.
But Ame-no-Oshihomimi suggested, “I’ve been blessed with a child, so let the child rule instead,” and Ninigi no Mikoto was chosen.
Amaterasu gave Ninigi the Three Sacred Treasures (the Yata Mirror, the Kusanagi Sword, and the Yasakani no Magatama jewel), and especially instructed him to enshrine her through the Yata Mirror.
Then Ninigi and his companions descended to Takachiho (in present-day Miyazaki Prefecture), and life on earth began.
Because Ninigi, Amaterasu’s grandson, descended from the heavens to the earth, this event is called Tenson Korin, “the descent of the heavenly grandchild.”

The Hyuga Myths
While working to build the land in Hyuga, Ninigi met Konohanasakuya-bime one day, fell in love at first sight, and quickly proposed.
When Sakuya-bime told her father, Oyamatsumi no Kami, he was delighted and decided to send her older sister, Iwanaga-hime, as well.
But while Sakuya-bime was lovely, Iwanaga-hime was considered unattractive, so Ninigi sent Iwanaga-hime back.
Oyamatsumi explained that Iwanaga-hime had the power of “long life like rock,” while Sakuya-bime represented “prosperity that blooms like flowers,” and that sending them together was important.
But Ninigi refused, and so even gods came to have lifespans like humans.
Later, Ninigi and Sakuya-bime spent one night together, and when her pregnancy was revealed so quickly, Ninigi doubted her.
To prove her innocence, Sakuya-bime took a desperate action: she gave birth inside a burning hut, delivering safely even as flames surrounded her.
The children born were Hoderi no Mikoto, Hosuseri no Mikoto, and Hoori no Mikoto.

What Is the Nihon Shoki Like?
The Nihon Shoki is Japan’s oldest official national history (a formal record compiled by the state).
It’s said to have begun in 681, when Emperor Tenmu ordered Prince Kawashima and others to compile Teiki (imperial genealogies) and Joko Shoji (records of ancient matters).
It was later completed by scholars and monks led by Prince Toneri, and was presented to Empress Gensho in 720, which is considered its year of establishment.
The exact reason it was compiled isn’t clear, but a leading theory is that it aimed to demonstrate the legitimacy and authority of the emperor to foreign countries, especially China.
The Nihon Shoki consists of 30 volumes plus one volume of genealogies, recording history from the Age of the Gods through the 41st ruler, Empress Jito.
It draws on a wide range of sources and is notable for listing multiple differing accounts of the same event.
While its overall storyline shares many similarities with the Kojiki, there are plenty of differences in details, such as the portrayal of Yamato Takeru and the lengths of emperors’ reigns.

Differences Between the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki
Because the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki share many similarities, including when they were established, they’re also collectively called the Kiki.
The differences are summarized in the table below.
| - | Kojiki | Nihon Shoki |
|---|---|---|
| Established | 712 | 720 |
| Volumes | 3 | 30 (+1 genealogy volume) |
| Period covered | Age of the Gods-Empress Suiko | Age of the Gods-Empress Jito |
| Purpose | To show the legitimacy of the imperial line domestically | To demonstrate Japan’s authority abroad |
| Writing system, structure | Japanized classical Chinese, biographical style | Classical Chinese, chronological style |
| Nature | Narrative work | Historical record |
| Compilation period | Approx. 4 months | Approx. 39 years |
| Feature 1 | More myths, with heroes and episodes strongly mythologized | Fewer myths, with episodes greatly abridged |
| Feature 2 | More poetic expression, written with creative flair | More objective expression, written with a fact-based approach |
| Feature 3 | Compiled from oral traditions | Includes natural disasters and diplomacy alongside Japan’s history |
Because of their different nature as sources, up until the Edo period (1603–1868), the Nihon Shoki was treated as the official history, while the Kojiki held only a supporting role.
That changed after scholar Motoori Norinaga published Kojikiden, a commentary on the Kojiki, which prompted a renewed appreciation and wider readership.
Through the State Shinto policies of the Meiji period (1868–1912), postwar controls, and beyond, research has continued actively to the present day.
Photos
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Japan’s oldest historical chronicles
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The Kojiki, Japan’s oldest historical chronicle of mythology and ancient history
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Izanaki and Izanami, the deities who created Japan
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Amaterasu, one of the Three Precious Children
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Izumo Taisha, said to have been built as a result of the transfer of Izumo
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The Three Sacred Treasures Amaterasu gave to Ninigi
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Fujisan Hongu Sengen Taisha, where Sakuya-bime, Ninigi, and Oyamatsumi no Kami are enshrined
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An image of the Nihon Shoki
Details
- Name in Japanese
- 古事記(こじき)/日本書紀(にほんしょき)
- Year established
- 712/720
- Volumes
- 3/31
- Authors
- O no Yasumaro/Prince Toneri